New Testament Research Guide
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There are many introductions to the New Testament, written from a myriad of theological perspectives and employing a variety of methodologies. Here are some introductions that will help students begin to understand both the New Testament texts and the interpretive issues surrounding study of the New Testament:
Introducing the New Testament: Its Literature and Theology
P. J. Achtemeier, J. B. Green, and M. Meye Thompson
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.
Written from a confessional Christian perspective, this introduction focuses on the literature and theology of each New Testament text. Attention is given to the New Testament as canon, with the authors arguing that the various texts compliment rather than contradict one another.
Introduction to the New Testament: Reference Edition
Carl R. Holladay
Waco: Baylor University Press, 2017.
Assuming little to no knowledge of the New Testament in his readers, Holladay provides a largely theological introduction. He deliberately does not provide extensive information regarding the socio-historical background of the New Testament in a desire not to be too selective or simplistic.
The New Interpreter’s Bible: New Testament Survey
Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2005.
This is a a book-by-book survey of the New Testament, including introductions to the literature of both the Gospels and the Epistles. Various New Testament scholars introduce each book, with contributors including Richard Hays, Morna Hooker, and N.T. Wright.
The New Testament and the People of God
N. T. Wright
Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992.
While in many ways more developed in its arguments than a typical “introduction,” Wright’s work introduces the student to most of the major issues and methodologies within New Testament study, with a particular focus on the New Testament’s context within the Jewish world.
There are also many dictionaries on various aspects of the New Testament. For example, all of the IVP dictionaries are useful, such as the following:
Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels
Joel B. Green
Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2013.
Dictionary of Paul and His Letters
Gerald F. Hawthorne, Ralph P. Martin, Daniel G. Reid
Downers Grove: IVP, 1993.
Dictionary of the Later New Testament & Its Developments
Ralph P. Martin, Peter H. Davids
Downers Grove: IVP, 1997.
Dictionary of New Testament Background
Craig A. Evans, Stanley E. Porter, eds.
Downers Grove: IVP, 2000.
There is a vast amount of critical interpretations available on the New Testament. These often contain suggested sources for further reading. Here are some examples:
New Testament Exegesis: A Handbook for Students and Pastors
Gordon D. Fee
Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2002.
Fee provides a step-by-step method of exegesis, which he elucidates throughout the book. He also includes a short guide for those preparing sermons and a list of helpful resources for exegesis.
The Guides to New Testament Exegesis (7 vols)
Scot McKnight, ed.
This series both introduces students to the various genres of the New Testament and suggests principles for interpreting these genres. The first volume introduces various important aspects of New Testament interpretation.
New Testament Rhetoric: An Introductory Guide to the Art of Persuasion in and of the New Testament
Ben Witherington III
Eugene: Cascade Books, 2009.
Witherington introduces readers to the use and impact of rhetoric in the ancient world and then shows how the New Testament authors employed rhetorical approaches to persuade readers.
Narrative Criticism of the New Testament: An Introduction
James L. Resseguie
Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2005.
Resseguie introduces the main principles of narrative criticism and explains how to apply these principles when reading New Testament texts.
In addition to one's own reading and reflection on the New Testament, commentaries are an invaluable resource for interpretation. Here are some key commentary series:
The New International Commentary on the New Testament (NICNT)
This series is targeted at students, pastors and teachers, and aims to incorporate elements of both technical and homiletical commentary.
Sacra Pagina (SP)
Written by Catholic scholars, these volumes are shaped by the Catholic tradition, but also seek to provide rigorous exegesis in order to be beneficial to a wide audience.
Word Biblical Commentary (WBC)
Written predominantly by evangelicals, this series provides several sections on each passage within the New Testament book: bibliography, text-critical and translation notes, introduction to form/structure/setting, verse-by-verse commentary, and broader explanation.
Hermeneia
Utilizing scholars with a range of theological perspectives, this critical commentary series interprets New Testament texts with particular consideration given to concerns related to textual criticism, the tradition behind the texts, and the history of religion.
Zondervan Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament
This relatively new series, written by evangelical scholars, is notable for its inclusion of both an annotated diagram and an exegetical outline for each section of text. Each section concludes with an application of the text to today.
For information on the cultural background behind New Testament books, see the following:
Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary
Clint E. Arnold, ed.
Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2002.
For each New Testament book, a different scholar provides interpretation of the text which is particularly informed by the book’s socio-historical background. Authors write from a broadly evangelical perspective, and include helpful charts and illustrations.
The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament
Craig S. Keener, ed.
Downers Grove: IVP, 2014.
Keener provides a cultural-historical commentary of the New Testament, which is aimed not at biblical scholars but for pastors and those who lack detailed tools.
For a concise introduction to New Testament commentaries, consult Carson’s survey below, which includes a list of recommended works for each book of the New Testament.
New Testament Commentary Survey
D. A. Carson
Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013.
These works help readers enter into conversations concerning both the socio-historical background and theology of the New Testament:
The Jewish World around the New Testament
Richard Bauckham
Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2010.
This series of essays situates the New Testament within the Jewish context in which it was written.
The World of the New Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts
Joel B. Green, Lee Martin McDonald
Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013.
The Beginnings of Christianity: An Introduction to the New Testament
Howard Clark Kee
New York: T. & T. Clark, 2005.
In this historical study of the origins of Christianity, Kee focuses on the epistemological, sociological and eschatological background and features of early Christianity.
Theology of the New Testament: A Canonical and Synthetic Approach
Frank Thielman
Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005.
Thielman treats the three major parts of the New Testament as theological units, and examines the theology of each book. He defends the unity of the New Testament’s theology, which he sees as centred in Jesus Christ.
New Testament Theology: Communion and Community
Philip F. Esler
Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005.
Esler, with a social-scientific focus, discusses the question of how to apply the New Testament within the contemporary Christian context.
Beyond New Testament Theology: A Story and a Programme
Heikki Räisänen
Räisänen examines the history of modern biblical theology and argues that exegetical and theological tasks in New Testament interpretation should remain separate. He contends that New Testament theology should not serve the church.
The Allison Library provides access to many journals related to New Testament studies. Click here to access these. Listed below are some journals that may be particularly helpful:
-Biblica
-Bulletin for Biblical Research (BBR)
-Catholic Biblical Quarterly (CBQ)
-Expository Times (UBC login required)
-Evangelical Quarterly
-Interpretation
-Journal of Biblical Literature (JBL)
-Journal for the Study of the New Testament (JSNT)
-Journal of Theological Studies (JTS)
-New Testament Studies (NTS)
-Novum Testamentum
-Tyndale Bulletin
-ZNW
There are many helpful resources available for studying the language and text of the New Testament. It should be noted, however, that even the most widely-used and influential lexicons and dictionaries are written from particular points of view, and thus should be examined critically.
Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature
Frederick W. Danker, Walter Bauer, William F. Arndt, and F. Wilbur Gingrich
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Often referred to as BDAG and now in its third edition, this lexicon provides exhaustive treatment of over 8,000 Greek words.
Theological Lexicon of the New Testament
Ceslas Spicq. James D. Ernest, ed.
Peabody, MA: 1994.
Despite not comprehensively covering every term, Spicq’s lexicon provides informative background information, giving examples from the broader Greco-Roman world.
The Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
Gerhard Kittel. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed.
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964-1976.
This ten-volume work treats over 2,300 significant New Testament words, focusing particularly on the term's background in secular Greek, the Old Testament, extra-biblical Jewish literature, and throughout the New Testament. The student should bear in mind that this work has received a fair amount of criticism regarding its methodology (see Barr, Semantics of Biblical Language, 1961).
Synopsis of the Four Gospels: Greek-English Edition of the Synopsis Quattuor Evangelorium
Kurt Aland, ed.
Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 2013.
This is a helpful resource for identifying and comparing parallel passages within the gospels. Parallel passages are clearly laid out, in both Greek and English (using the second edition of the RSV).
New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and Exegesis
Moises Silva
Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2014.
New Testament Textual Criticism: A Concise Guide
David Alan Black
Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1994.
Bible Commentaries Google Custom Search: Oral Roberts University Library has created a custom Google search for all open access Bible commentaries available online
biblehub.com/interlinear/: A Greek and Hebrew interlinear
Bible Odyssey: a project of the Society of Biblical Literature that hosts more than three hundred articles, dozens of videos by scholars, and more
biblicalstudies.org.uk: a digital repository with over 40,000 articles freely available to download
Biblical Studies Online: maintained by James Crossley and Deane Galbraith, with hundreds of videos of scholarly lectures and other resources
BibleWeb Reader: Greek and Hebrew Reader’s Bible
Biblos: various Bible tools on a user-friendly website
Blue Letter Bible: online Bible with various search functions
Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft: academic Bible texts online, including the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Novum Testamentum Graece (ed. Nestle-Aland), 28. Edition, Septuagint (ed. Rahlfs/Hanhart), and Vulgate (ed. Weber/Gryson)
The Greek New Testament, SBL Edition (edited by Michael W. Holmes): SBL in association with Logos Bible Software offers a new, critically edited Greek New Testament in electronic and print formats
Historical Commentaries on CCEL: Evangel University Library has curated a search of historical commentaries offered on CCEL
Internet Sources on the Bible: Johnson University has created a list of sites, commentaries, texts, dictionaries, and other resources for Biblical Studies
J. David Stark: free index and links to all online, public domain volumes of the International Critical Commentary, as well as a series that addresses how to gain access to research material online for free and a number of posts that specifically address individual online resources
Ligonier Ministries: the online arm of R. C. Sproul’s ministry
Mohr Siebeck: free access to select journal content and the WUNT II series
NET Bible: Bibleorg.'s study tools
NT Gateway: directory of academic internet resources on the New Testament, hosted by Logos Bible Software and edited by Mark Goodacre
N. T. Wright Page: articles by N. T. Wright
Open Access Bible Commentaries: Rockbridge Seminary has curated a list of open access Bible commentaries
TC: A Journal of Biblical Textual Criticism: an open access online journal
The Text This Week: lectionary-oriented compilation of sermons, exegetical articles, art, hymns, and more from Jenee Woodard
Tyndale House Cambridge Online Resources: Greek and Hebrew fonts and keyboards, several sites and sources for biblical studies and theology, bibliography databases and catalogs for online reading, commercial and free Bible software, lexicons, andd Bible translations
Virtual Manuscript Rooms: images, transcriptions and other material about New Testament manuscripts like NTVMR, CSNTM, Editio Critica Maior, Vetus Latina
